The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.ĭisclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.ĭrug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. Studies have now shown that the proteins of the ZP are expressed in a stage specific manner and that there is increasing evidence that ZP proteins are expressed by both granulosa cells and the oocyte and may play a role in granulosa cell differentiation.Ĭopyright: All rights reserved. Such differences in protein structure and glysosylation may explain the marked species differences in the biochemical, physicochemical and immunochemical properties of the ZP. It is of interest that the human ZP2 and ZP3 gene families are 60–70% conserved with respect to the mouse ZP amino acid sequence, while the mouse ZP1 is only 39% conserved with respect to human ZP1. In the pig, however, ZP1 has been shown to have sperm receptor activity similar to that observed in the rabbit and nonhuman primates. In the mouse it has been established that ZP3 is the primary sperm receptor while ZP2 has secondary sperm receptor properties. Although some of the structural domains of the ZP proteins of different species are conserved within each family, they exhibit distinct biological properties. Using the mouse ZP nomenclature, the ZP proteins from different mammalian species can be classified into three protein families: ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3. As the cDNAs and genes encoding the different ZP proteins have been isolated and sequenced, it is now possible to relate these ZP proteins according to gene families. Because of these modifications the nomenclature of ZP proteins from different species based on electrophoretic mobilities has been confusing. The ZP is composed of three major glycoproteins that exhibit heterogeneity due to extensive post-translational modifications including glycosylation and sulfation. ![]() The zona pellucida (ZP) is the extracellular matrix that plays important roles in sperm-egg interaction.
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